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| 1600 |
| | | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1609 |
| | | Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits | |
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| 1610 |
| | | Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun | |
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| 1613 |
| | | Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system | |
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| 1620 |
| | | In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science | |
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| 1628 |
| | | William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1632 |
| | | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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